Stanford Prison Study free essay sample

This trial helped therapists to all the more likely get congruity and human instinct. The goal was to watch the connection between the two gatherings of men without a clearly malignant power. Depiction The investigation occurred in the cellar of Stanford University by a little gathering of specialists throughout the late spring or 1971. These explores were driven by a man named Philip Zimbardo. 24 male understudies out of in excess of 70 candidates were picked to be a piece of the investigation. They would each acquire 15 dollars per day to take an interest for about fourteen days (generally equal to $85 in 2012). They each got haphazardly doled out jobs of detainees and watchmen in a counterfeit jail situated in the storm cellar of the Stanford brain research building. The false jail was fundamentally an invigorated jail. It comprised of three 6 foot by 9 foot cells, and a 2 foot by 2 foot stay without any windows that was known as the black box. We will compose a custom exposition test on Stanford Prison Study or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Every cell had 3 detainees, and they were rebuffed by being placed operating at a profit box. The men who partook adjusted to their jobs very well ased on Zimbardos desires, as the gatekeepers requested a portion of the detainees to mental torment. Numerous detainees inactively acknowledged mental maltreatment and tuned in to the all of what the watchmen would state. Some would readily annoy any of different detainees who even endeavored to forestall the maltreatment. Scientists were investigating the dangerous conduct of men towards one another over some undefined time frame. The aftereffects of this investigation were stunning. Conversation The results of the Stanford Prison study were silly; such was the maltreatment towards the detainees in the test. The examination turned out so terrible, that it was excused after just 6 days. Guardians were taking steps to get a legal counselor to get their child out of the examination, and they additionally started to understand that the watchmen were upgrading their maltreatment to the detainees in the night when nobody was viewing. Due to this cruel treatment by the gatekeepers, the detainees were growing a lot of sadness and stress and 5 detainees must be sent home. Zimbardo assisted with making a congruity predisposition where the attention on dutifulness is so solid as to muddled proof of battling and rebelling. In any case, their contentions demonstrated incredible in light of the fact that they appeared to converge with a certifiable model. Individuals drop into oppression Zimbardo recommended, on the grounds that they adjust foolishly to the poisonous jobs that specialists endorse without the requirement for explicit requests: severity was a characteristic result of being in the uniform of a gatekeeper and declaring the force intrinsic in that job. The examination shows that brutality is a characteristic and unavoidable result of the inspiration of people to do precisely what authority says, whoever it is and anything they desire us to do. Individual reflection I accept that Zimbardo had a smart thought initially, however his arrangements were not thoroughly considered totally. I dont think there is any way that you can give that much power to somebody without rules and not anticipate that them should mishandle it like the members did. As I would like to think, it was a smart thought to end the case early as a result of the cruel treatment towards the detainees. It caused them so much discouragement, just for getting 15 dollars per day They did nothing incorrectly to get rewarded like think it was an awtul approach to do this trial. It was a major murmur of help to men when I was finding out about the examination that the investigation finished early. End The Stanford Prison study assumed an enormous job in the investigation of brain science. The consequences of the trial have been contended to demonstrate the receptiveness and the acquiescence of individuals when given an official individual of power. The test has additionally been utilized to exhibit mental disharmony hypothesis and the force that authority has on individuals. This test indicated that the circumstance, rather than their individual characters, caused the members conduct.

Relationship between Learning and Grading

To comprehend the connection among assessment and learning, we have to comprehend the assessment design right now being used. Level 1, shows shallow worry on the work done by understudies. It underestimates that the work done by understudies must be evaluated. Level 2 inquires as to whether conventional appraisal or ‘authentic’ assessment, which would dig further into understudies accomplishments? Level 3 enquires the need of assessing understudies. Wanting to think about the understudy execution itself is questionable. Marking understudies based on execution regularly misconstrues them. Understudy execution doesn't show any enhancement for severe appraisal. Then again, when it is simpler to score, the students don't put substandard work. Regularly a similar instructor may put various evaluations to a similar work when surveyed at two distinct occasions. Therefore the variety in score demonstrates abstract appraisal .It makes learning contrary. Inspiration is a significant part of evaluation. On the off chance that the inspiration is characteristic, at that point the understudy learns for the wellbeing of his own, then again, when the inspiration is outer, learning is for a reason, the intention being getting away from a discipline or anticipating a prize. Both are clashing in nature. The discoveries uncover that student’s execution endures and they show lesser intrigue and spotlight on the undertaking, on the off chance that they realize that they will be reviewed. Repetition learning self-destructs when the understudies realize that they will be reviewed. Japanese understudies show less enthusiasm for the subject and readiness to respond to troublesome inquiries, when they realize they would be inspected. Therefore utilizing evaluations to assess understudies made them lower premium, ingrain the dread of disappointment and unsettled their learning and inventiveness. (Head servant and Nissan 1986, P.215). A few instructors accept that giving criticism in type of evaluations is lacking. It doesn't tell the understudy, where the individual in question turned out badly, and the extension for development. Eric Schaps (1993) structured the ‘demand’ and ‘support’ models. The interest model features the student’s execution as ‘chosen’ and ‘earned’ making instruction a venture and arrangement of a future laborer. The ‘support ‘model is student situated making understudies capable in the assignments they have picked. It encourages that strong and connecting with condition is needed more than progress. The 5 fundamental standards of appraisal are †1.In no chance should assessment stop interest or ingrain dread. 2. Intrigue started in understudies can be perused by perception by experienced instructors. 3. School can turn into a mindful spot, causing understudies to feel allowed to talk about issues and look for help. 4. Appraisal ought to be legitimately identified with nature of educational program. It is critical to know whether the understudy has gotten anything advantageous from the curriculum.5 Students to assume an unequivocal job in assessment, to realize that it is a learning experience. On the off chance that Grades are an absolute necessity, it is significant that they are enhanced by sufficient remarks. Degree ought not be done, while the understudies are as yet learning. An educator ought not check understudies on a bend, saying just not many are qualified for good grades. It is dangerous to the confidence of the understudy. Evaluations ought to never be given for exertion, for it makes a contrary impact. Instructors need to watch out for the intrigue level of the educational plan as well.

Term Paper Turned Into a Write-Up

Term Paper Turned Into a Write-UpYou will need to turn your term paper into a write-up on your topic. Writing term papers is no easy task for most people, because of the subject matter and the length. If you are not good at writing, then you may want to hire a writing service.Of course, before you hire a writing service, you have to know that a writing service can help you with your term paper. They know the process and they know how to turn it into a real write-up on your topic.They know the importance of keeping your topic simple and you don't need to stress over the subject too much. They also know that you do not know much about the topic either, but that is alright. Your writing service can just tell you how to write your paper effectively.They also know that if you are having a hard time with the topic, they can also change the way you write your term paper. Of course, it takes time to turn your paper into a real write-up. As long as you have a great writing service, it will no t take that long. This is why it is not always an easy task to turn your term paper into a write-up.By hiring a writing service, you will be able to have your term paper turned into a write-up without having to worry about the difficult part. Even if you are not very good with writing, they can just help you come up with the best idea for your paper.Of course, you will need to give them a good look. You may think you know what your paper should be about, but it will still need to be rewritten or redone. It is not just about getting your term paper turned into a write-up.So, if you are having a hard time with your term paper, you can hire a writing service. The writing service is there to help you with the most difficult task. You can ask them what the best thing that they can do for you is and they will be able to tell you that for sure.So, if you want to have your term paper turned into a write-up, you need to do some research. You need to make sure that you have your topic planned out properly before you write it. Of course, if you can get a writing service, they will help you make sure that you do not forget any words or parts of your topic.

The Great City Of Washingtond.c - 936 Words

The great city of Washington D.C, founded in 1790, by great intellectuals, to control rest of America and to meddle in the affairs of Latin America, in particular, and rest of the world, in general. However, I strongly doubt that it has served the cause of this great nation. Since my accidental arrival in this great city, I am only listening to politics. First I was surprised, but later it became obvious to me that politics is a career, a career, which is very promising. Therefore, all people, whether black, white, brown, blue or red, incessantly discuss politics, and contemplate, argue and fight on how to improve the lives of fellow Americans. During this discourse, of course they also accuse others of being less American or not being American at all, especially if one is brown, blue or red. During my intra-city travels, I went in to an inn, which served insipid food and cheap wine. There I was sitting on table, when I overheard a woman, trying to explain, on top of her voice, that how Un-Christian this country had become. She, who seemed to me a head of some cult, was very apprehensive about minorities, and had been claiming that her president was plotting against True Americans. This discussion was very intriguing, and her theories, to support these claims, even more. I could not resist myself and penetrated their circle, which was discussing this intense and highly sensitive issue. I asked this beautiful woman, who was once also a

Annuling Capital Punishment Essay - 602 Words

Homicide is unjust. Since youth we have been taught this unquestionable truth. Ask yourself, then, what is the death penalty? In its easiest structure, the death penalty is characterized as one individual taking the life of another human. Incidentally, that is the meaning of homicide. There are 36 states with capital punishment, and they should change. These states need to get rid of it because it conveys a perilous danger of disciplining the innocent, is unjust and primitive, and is an insufficient hindrance of wrongdoing versus the option of life in jail without parole. The death penalty is the most  ­irreversible wrongdoing governments execute without result, and it must be annulled. Humans, as people, are celebrated around the world†¦show more content†¦Capital punishment defiles the right to life. Capital punishment is supported by people as a suitable way to stop crime. obstruction of. It is demonstrated that states with capital punishment really have higher homicide rates than those without. It is demonstrated that our country does not require this danger of discipline to stop wrongdoing. It might be said that capital punishment is the most neglected manifestation of government lip service; we kill individuals who kill other individuals to show that murder is not right. It is this disagreement that confounds the accused and undermines any wrongdoing the death penalty was planned to have. Numerous individuals support capital punishment as reparation for the wrong done to a victimized persons family; notwithstanding, by and large, conclusion is not the outcome. Losing a friend or family member, regardless of how that individual is lost, is agonizing, unalterable, and shattering. Torment like this is stunning and the exploited persons family clutches the trust that the execution of the killer will carry help and conclusion. In any case, when execution day arrives, the agony is not maneuvered. No alleviation could be picked up, for their ache is an unavoidable, characteristic procedure of life. Exploited peoples families have established such bunches as the Murder Victims Families for Reconciliation and The Journey of Hope, which restrict capital punishment. They  ­believe

Critical Discourse On The Cyclops Essay - 2421 Words

Critical discourse on the â€Å"Cyclops† episode of Ulysses has remained remarkably consistent over its history. Much of the analysis focuses the episode’s dual expression through narration and what David Hayman calls the narrative â€Å"asides,† with other attention paid towards the episode’s narrative structure and characterization. In this paper, I will explore the episode’s history of critical discourse, beginning first by looking at the process of its creation as explicated by Michael Groden in his essay â€Å"‘Cyclops’ in Progress, 1919.† I will then compare the analyses of David Hayman and Hugh Kenner of 1974 and 1980 respectively, the latter of which having been informed in no small part by the former, before briefly looking at a modern analysis of the episode as opera by Timothy Martin in 2000. Groden writes that â€Å"Cyclops† is the first episode that entirely departs from the original narrative style of Ulysses . In the first ten episodes, up to and including â€Å"Wandering Rocks†, the novel is written in the style of â€Å"the combination of third person, past tense objective description and first person, present tense interior monologue† (Groden 123). In the eleventh episode â€Å"Sirens†, Joyce begins to deconstruct this ordinary technique–call it the â€Å"monologue method†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwith the introduction of music into his prose, â€Å"by imposing the fugal forms and musical patterns onto it† (123). â€Å"Cyclops† is narrated by a first-person unnamed narrator who David Hayman describes as an â€Å"insistent and

Clinical Reasoning Cycle In Nursing Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Reasoning Cycle In Nursing. Answer: Introduction: Clinical reasoning cycle is one of the most effective tools that are used by the nursing professionals to provide a comprehensive care to the patients. This procedure contains eight important steps which is carried on properly will help the professionals to give the best care to the patient in a sequential manner which will address all her symptoms effectively (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). Dementia and Alzheimers disease affect the lives of many old men and women in Australia. There are more than 413106 patients living in the nation with dementia and the 228238 (55%) are female and 184161(45%). This number would increase to 536164 by 2025. are male In this case study, the nurse will also follow the tool to address each of the nursing issues of the patients and with the sequential steps, he will effectively develop a care plan that will be beneficial for the patients recovery fork her present situation. Considering the patient situation, collecting cues, processing and presenting related health information: Clinical reason cycle is often used by a large number of healthcare professionals as it acts as a tool which helps them to sequentially collect cues about the patients condition, process the information and also come to an understanding of the patient problems (Hunter Arthur, 2016). This toll then helps the nurse to plan and develop interventions which ultimately help in the evaluation of the outcome followed by the reflection o the nurse form this entire episode. Form the case study, it is seen that the patient is a widow who has been residing in an aged care facility and has returned from hospitals after a hip replacement after fall in the rehabilitation center. She is in the preliminary stage of the Alzheimers disorder and vascular dementia. She is also not used to walking with wheelie walker and has been bruised due to bumping on the walker. Previously, she used to be strong independent minded person and therefore she cannot accept the fact that she is dependent now on carers fo r her daily activities. Therefore she is being rude to the carers and are not helping them in her care. She is also intermittently incontinent due to her failure in reaching toilet on time. Mostly old people of Australia are found to suffer from dementia and Alzheimers and the patient had been no exception. Her will to walk alone makes her more risky towards fall as he is yet not habituated with the fact that her mobility is reduced and she needs assistance in walking. The occurrence of the disorder has affected the patient who has therefore developed shuffling, leaning patterns, unsteady balance and also decreased coordination as well as physical strength as they are the common symptoms of dementia. The unsteady balance may also be due to the medical as well as physical reason of Alzheimers which cause occurrence of plaques in the brain of the individuals and tangles as well (Koivisto et al., 2016). The cause of the incontinence may be due to the presence of Alzheimers diseases whi ch results in development of overactive bladders those results in leakage of urine involuntarily before reaching restrooms. The falls are mainly due to unsteady balance and inability to be practiced with restricted movement. She also has a tear in her lower right leg and therefore it is also causing her huge pain which also needs to be addressed. Identification and prioritization of three nursing issues: Three important areas need to be addressed by the nurses who will be in charge of the patient. While identifying the domains, where the patient will require care, it is also important for the nurse to keep in mind that she is in the first stages of dementia and Alzheimers diseases and therefore a patient centred care with compassion and empathy is important in the case (Kuiper, Pesut Arms, 2016). Firstly, the patient is yet not accustomed with the fact that she is having restricted mobility and therefore she is not careful in her movement and was not able to conduct her activities independently and therefore it is important for the nurse to conduct a fall risk assessment and take precautionary measures accordingly. Secondly, the patient is having a large tear in her lower right leg and therefore the nurse should undertake proper dressing procedure for the healing of the bruises. It should be taken care that she is quite aged and her healing should require more time and therefore pro per planning and care should be taken by the nurse wile caring for her wound. Thirdly, the patient has intermittent incontinence and therefore it very much important for the nurse to undertake proper interventions so that the issue can be handled properly and the patient does not have leaked urine before reaching the restroom. Establishment of goals of nursing care: The nurse should first conduct FRAT which is a fall risk assessment tool that was actually developed by Peninsula Health Falls Prevention service in the year 1999. It mainly contains three parts which are assessing falls risk status, risk factor checklist and also developing action plan. This will help the nurse to develop an idea about the severity of the issue and following this the interventions to prevent fall will be developed (Palvelen et al., 2014). The nurse should ask herself self assessment question regarding the patients risk of fall, communicate with the patient, and also take undertake environmental changes such as adequate lighting, developing visual contrast, keeping pathways clear and others. Secondly the nurse should follow a proper wound dressing procedure which will help the patient to overcome the pain from her tear and also help it to get dry soon. She will also be assessed on the pain management scale from 1 to 10 and depending upon her score, interventions need to be taken for both of her wound management. Moreover she had gone hip arthroplasty and therefore she may also face pain in the surgical sites which also needs to be checked. Hence, pain management should be done accordingly so that both the factor can be addresses (Joshi et al., 2014). The third intervention would be to take proper care for the patients issue in urination as she is suffering from incontinence. The goal should be that the patient has reduced episode of such independence, receive assistance in such time; can overcome environmental barriers, allocation of proper adaptive equipment and others (Teunisen et al., 2015). The main goal of the nurse should however be an overall comprehensive care to the patient by attending all her symptoms of the Alzheimer and dementia so that the patient can age well with a better quality life in the aged care. Nursing care for the person: After assessing the fall risk assessment, the nurse should accordingly take actions. Besides advising the patients with proper precautions (the patient is in preliminary stage so her cognitive ability is not completely lost), the nurse should make the environment risk free as much as possible (Vlayen et al., 2015). She should ensure adequate lighting, reduction of glare and also limit the shadows. She should also provide the patient with visual; contrast by using obvious contrast in colour to define objects form the background, using of solid colours with in pattern to decrease confusion and also avoiding black surfaces which the patient might misinterpret as black hole as her cognitive ability is declining. Her pathways should be kept clear by keeping the surface level dry and non slippery. The floors, furniture and the outdoors would be modified accordingly. The nurse should also enhance accessibility by keeping important things in visible, easy to reach places, using a firm mattre ss, using adaptive equipment and also lowering the bed light. The bathroom should have increase safety by sing bath chairs, proper bathroom rails, properly placed bards, using right footwear (Miake et al., 2013) For management of the pain after hip replacement surgery, the nurse should use proper pain assessment scales, maintain proper position of the operated extremity and also provide her with comfort measures that include frequent repositioning and diversion activities. Stress management techniques should be encouraged like progressive relaxation, meditation, guided imagery and others (Wilson, 2017). Proper pain management medications should be provided on a regular schedule and before activities. The nurse should also be alert and investigate reports for suffering severe joint pain, muscular spasms and changes in joint mobility, severe chest pain and restlessness. Application of ice packs, initiation and maintenance of extremity mobilization ambulation, light exercise and physical therapies should also be conducted. For the bruises, she should use the correct dressing depending upon the depth and condition for the wound, change them at the correct interval and apply the right medication so that the wound may dry as rapid as it can (Benditz et al., 2016). For maintaining her incontinence issue, the nurse should first introduce a toileting schedule, eliminate all the environmental barriers to the washroom in the care, improve lighting in hallways and bathrooms and also remove rugs form the floor is any present. The nurse can also use urinary receptacle in 3 in 1 commode, containment device. Clothing should be such that it maximizes toileting access of the patient. A prompted voiding program or patterned urge response toileting program should be initiated. Frequency of urination with the sue of alarm clock, changing device, noting urinary elimination and incontinence pattern, starting prompted toileting program on the results of the toileting frequency, parsing the patient when toileting occurs with prompting all helps in managing the situation effectively (Zarowitz et al., 2015). Evaluation of the nursing strategies: For each of the nursing priorities, the nurse should set up a timeframe until which she would be continuing the interventions. Then she would be conducting an evaluation of the results of each of the interventions. If they are achieved successfully or are showing positive results, the interventions should be carried out. If the outcomes are not positive, the nurse should discuss the case with mentor and introduce new interventions in accordance with the situation. Reflection on the patients outcomes: While handling the case study, it was getting really difficult for me to handle so many co-morbidities together and I was getting stressed and was not being able to manage the interventions properly. However, with the guide of the mentor, I correctly made a care plan for the patient and followed ach of the intervention appropriately. Moreover, as she was not complying with us, I had a counselling session with her, where I treated her with compassion and empathy providing her the autonomy and dignity to take her own decisions. This helped me to develop a therapeutic relationship with her where she also started helping me in the interventions and her cooperations made the process easier and also made me stress free. Conclusion: From the case study, the nursing priorities were first indentified. Following the identification of the priorities, proper interventions were introduced. Effective pain management, proper management of incontinence, proper care for her fall management risks had been taken effectively. Following the application of the intervention, evaluation of the outcomes is needed to be done by the nurse to ensure safe practice and quality care. The nurse should reflect the entire process in order to gain new insights from the experience. Therefore, following a clinical reasoning cycle, a nurse can effectively manage patient and care for her to give her a better quality life. References: Benditz, A., Greimel, F., Auer, P., Zeman, F., Gttermann, A., Grifka, J., ... von Kunow, F. (2016). Can consistent benchmarking within a standardized pain management concept decrease postoperative pain after total hip arthroplasty? A prospective cohort study including 367 patients.Journal of pain research,9, 1205. Dalton, L., Gee, T., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), 29. Hunter, S., Arthur, C. (2016). Clinical reasoning of nursing students on clinical placement: Clinical educators' perceptions.Nurse education in practice,18, 73-79. Joshi, G. P., Schug, S. A., Kehlet, H. (2014). Procedure-specific pain management and outcome strategies.Best Practice Research Clinical Anaesthesiology,28(2), 191-201. Koivisto, J. M., Multisilta, J., Niemi, H., Katajisto, J., Eriksson, E. (2016). Learning by playing: A cross-sectional descriptive study of nursing students' experiences of learning clinical reasoning.Nurse education today,45, 22-28. Kuiper, R., Pesut, D. J., Arms, T. E. (2016).Clinical reasoning and care coordination in advanced practice nursing. Springer Publishing Company. Miake-Lye, I. M., Hempel, S., Ganz, D. A., Shekelle, P. G. (2013). Inpatient Fall Prevention Programs as a Patient Safety StrategyA Systematic Review.Annals of internal medicine,158(5_Part_2), 390-396. Palvanen, M., Kannus, P., Piirtola, M., Niemi, S., Parkkari, J., Jrvinen, M. (2014). Effectiveness of the Chaos Falls Clinic in preventing falls and injuries of home-dwelling older adults: a randomised controlled trial.Injury,45(1), 265-271. Teunissen, D. T., Stegeman, M. M., Bor, H. H., Lagro-Janssen, T. A. (2015). Treatment by a nurse practitioner in primary care improves the severity and impact of urinary incontinence in women. An observational study.BMC urology,15(1), 51. Vlaeyen, E., Coussement, J., Leysens, G., Van der Elst, E., Delbaere, K., Cambier, D., ... Dejaeger, E. (2015). Characteristics and Effectiveness of Fall Prevention Programs in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review and Meta?Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,63(2), 211-221. Wilson, A. (2017). Assistive devices, hip precautions, environmental modifications and training to prevent dislocation and improve function after hip arthroplasty.International Journal of Nursing Studies. Zarowitz, B. J., Allen, C., O'Shea, T., Tangalos, E., Berner, T., Ouslander, J. G. (2015). Clinical burden and nonpharmacologic management of nursing facility residents with overactive bladder and/or urinary incontinence.The Consultant Pharmacist,30(9), 533-542.

The Edutained American Essays - MTV, Now You See It, Brain Rules

The Edutained American The ?Edutained? American You may try to deny it; many of us do. We are our own people, with our own thoughts, feelings, and opinions. We are individuals, and nothing influences us without our knowledge and permission. Certainly not the media; we create the media, after all, and direct it with our own tastes and preferences. It is merely a part of our lives, a not-too pervasive part. We say this with absolute certainty and still know that we lie. For the media is not a part of our lives, it is our lives. It directs us, moves us towards what its creators, directors and sponsors want us to see. Everything we do is not media influenced, it is media-dictated. In some ways, our modern information systems are helpful. They are, after all, informative. From these systems we learn, we process the information they bring on current events, popular culture, and every other subject known to man. But the information is tainted. It is filtered through the corporate sponsors and the agendas of those who bring it to us. Therefore we bow to the opinions of those who give us our knowledge on every subject they expose us to, from the clothes we buy, to the music we listen to, the films we see, books we read, politicians we vote for, religions we believe in. Our thoughts are not our own. What does this mean to the world in which we live? How does this effect our leaders, our schools and our families? And in a society so permeated with media, how do we regain ourselves? Part One: What are our influences? For many of us who attend college now, the media has been around us since birth. The television was a effective babysitter, and we grew up accustomed to the quick, joke-a-minute style of cartoons and situation comedies. With the advent of MTV in 1981, we learned to absorb information through the two and three minute stories offered on that channel, as well as VH1 and BET. These channels opened to us a world that most of our parents simply didn't see as children. One hour of MTV's Total Request Live can show a child a re-enactment of JFK's assassination, done by Marylin Manson, in one of the most popular videos of the week. The words of the song, however true and relevant they may be, are lost in the image, in closeup and slow motion. Vidoes by pop bands, while less violent, are no less disturbing in their objectification of humans and in their motion sickness inducing, rapid-fire images. They cater to a generation that already suffers from shortened attention spans by providing whirling sights that can be easily understood in the half-second they are shown. They show a world of anger, violence and cynicism. True, they often reflect the feelings and actions in parts of the nation, but also bring those to the sight of impressionable children who would not otherwise have known of it until they were much older. At the same time, the video-babysitter separates child from parent and makes us reluctant to ask what these images meant. After all, we are led to identify with the musicians and models in the videos, and they often assure us that our parents do not understand and cannot be trusted. The information we soak up through these vignettes generally point to a distinct set of values, at odds with those of our parents. While they ask for respect and obedience within reason, we learn that adults are the outsiders, the butt of jokes and objects of ridicule, probably not very bright either. The regular television shows that we sit down to watch, often with our parents, are not much better. It has become much cooler to defy and be irreverent than to listen. This is certainly nothing new, one need only look at the flappers of the 1920s to see that youthful rebellion has been around for as long as anyone still alive can remember. It does seem, however, that the adolescent exuberance and resistance of the Baby Boomer generation became something very different for their children, something darker and dangerous. Of course, the television that they were raised with stressed old-fashioned family values: respect for elders, kindness to neighbors, do your homework, eat your broccoli. The shows that children and young adults watch now are very different. We see insults thrown left and right, especially

Free Essays on Life In Colonial America

Everyday Life In Colonial America The eighteenth century was a very interesting time in our nation’s history because our nation was born through the hard work and the dedication of those who lived during those times. When one refers to the eighteenth century, however, he must realize that there were many major cultural, religious, and moral differences between colonial Americans of different regions of the newly discovered land we now call the United States of America. Our nation was once made up of many different kinds of people, from puritans to slaves, whose religious and cultural beliefs varied tremendously. Their everyday lives were often consumed with endless amounts of work, from farming to hunting, that were necessary for their survival. Their family structures also varied in many ways. Some had tight, close knit families, while others concentrated more on their slaves or their hired help for family type needs. The communities of colonial America varied tremendously as well. Some communities co nsisted of a Chief, while others had offices such as Governor or Mayor. The people of colonial America, and the areas in which they lived have been classified into three major regions of colonial America: the North, the Middle region, and the South. The inhabitants of these three regions experienced a variety of different types of family, work, and relationships within the community. The northern region of colonial America was an influential region because its eventual formation of government and acts of rebellion would be the spark that helped us gain our freedom from England. In the early eighteenth century, however, the North really had no political power because it was newly born and was just beginning to establish some form of society. The family structure of the North was a major reason for its survival. When settlers first arrived on American soil, they were mostly young men, journeying without their families, look... Free Essays on Life In Colonial America Free Essays on Life In Colonial America Everyday Life In Colonial America The eighteenth century was a very interesting time in our nation’s history because our nation was born through the hard work and the dedication of those who lived during those times. When one refers to the eighteenth century, however, he must realize that there were many major cultural, religious, and moral differences between colonial Americans of different regions of the newly discovered land we now call the United States of America. Our nation was once made up of many different kinds of people, from puritans to slaves, whose religious and cultural beliefs varied tremendously. Their everyday lives were often consumed with endless amounts of work, from farming to hunting, that were necessary for their survival. Their family structures also varied in many ways. Some had tight, close knit families, while others concentrated more on their slaves or their hired help for family type needs. The communities of colonial America varied tremendously as well. Some communities co nsisted of a Chief, while others had offices such as Governor or Mayor. The people of colonial America, and the areas in which they lived have been classified into three major regions of colonial America: the North, the Middle region, and the South. The inhabitants of these three regions experienced a variety of different types of family, work, and relationships within the community. The northern region of colonial America was an influential region because its eventual formation of government and acts of rebellion would be the spark that helped us gain our freedom from England. In the early eighteenth century, however, the North really had no political power because it was newly born and was just beginning to establish some form of society. The family structure of the North was a major reason for its survival. When settlers first arrived on American soil, they were mostly young men, journeying without their families, look...

Why kids should not be on the internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why kids should not be on the internet - Essay Example The success remains in how cleverly we utilize them for the wellbeing of the people. Internet is just like an ocean of knowledge for all the people. But the problem is that this ocean consists of good and evils. Only the matured persons will be able to select and segregate good things from internet whereas immature people always fell in to this ocean as victims of the bad things. â€Å"Internet can provide contents like sexual acts or conduct, lewd exhibitions of genitals, the seven "dirty" FCC words, revealing attire, the use or sale of weapons, game sites designed for teens or older, legal or illegal drugs, legal or illegal gambling, alcohol consumption, explicit violence against people or animals including hate crimes, tobacco use etc to the kids which are harmful in their development as a socially accepted personality and hence the internet usages should be restricted to them. This paper analyses the negative impacts of internet on kids. Internet consists of sex related contents which is harmful to the kids. One of the major reasons for juvenile offenses is the influence of internet upon children. Segregation of good and evils is difficult for kids because of the growth sex hormones at these ages. It is easy for the juveniles to watch movies filled with violence and sexual activities using internet websites like YouTube. Internet is used by kids playing video games and relaxing purposes. It is difficult for them to search for serious things at this age because of the peculiarity of their age. After a busy work outs in the classrooms most of the children uses internet for watching something interesting to them. â€Å"The Internet is an invaluable tool for adolescents who use it to look for answers to personal, sensitive, and embarrassing questions about their bodies, relationships, and health. A study of 778 teens aged 15-18 in the African nation of Ghana shows that two-thirds had gone online, mainly at cafes with I nternet access. All of

Virtual schooling, learning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Virtual schooling, learning - Research Paper Example The parent in such a system plays the role of a learning coach. Students from all over the state attend the virtual class. â€Å"In April 2010, K12 formed a joint venture with Middlebury College known as Middlebury Interactive Languages LLC (MIL) to develop online foreign language courses† (The New York Times, 2012). One of the most distinguishing features of K12 virtual schooling is that it customizes the education to meet the individualistic needs of children (k12.com, 2012). Learning in such a system protects the children from the negative external influences experienced by students in the brick and mortar schools like bullying and racism. In addition, virtual schooling is also very convenient for the students as the education can be received at home using the World Wide Web (Russell, 2001). Students can interact with other students through social media websites. Virtual schooling also enables parents to be involved to a great extent in the child’s studies. Many pare nts play the role of a teacher at

Meanings of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior Essay Example for Free

Meanings of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior Essay Until several years ago, many students who were classified as having ID or assigned into an inclusion classroom were not expected to participate in standardized testing, however as late, everyone in public schools is expected to participate in standardized assessments. Some educators are happy with the change while others are concerned the assessments are not an accurate assessment of what students actually know. For many students with learning disabilities, standardized assessments often don’t accurately indicate what the student truly knows and where they have deficits. One problem with assessing students with ID is the identification and classification of ID is that they differ greatly between states and is often inconsistent. According to Kortez, students with specific learning disabilities are served under the IDEA, however we use the word â€Å"classification† when referring to the category of and indentified student’s specific disability or disabilities (Kortez). The major problem that arises is the fact that identification is being highly inconsistent which is raising the concern students being mislabeled. It seems as though some educators are either over identifying or under indentifying students. However, this is not just a problem on the educator’s level; it is also showing up on the state level. It seems as though when the combined across the nation, identification is inconsistent. More than half of all students being served are doing so under the IDEA part B umbrella, students with specific disabilities, while the number of students recognized as† learning disabled ranges from 3% to 9%† across the United States (Kortez). According to Kortez, not all states implement the same policies, guidelines, or criteria, therefore some states have a significant higher or lower number of students identified based on what they as a state deem legitimate. Because there is such a difference in policies, it is therefore difficult to d etermine an adequate way to assess students with disabilities. Inclusion needs to be implemented in a way that will not only boost the quality of performance generated by the assessment but also the constructive outcome of the education being provided. The difficulty therefore lies in being able to implement a sound assessment because of the significant essential factors. One factor that would have to be determined is how many special education students would qualify as ineligible to partake in the regular education assessments. Another factor that would be solved would be how the regular education assessment could be enhanced to better suit the needs of the special education students. Also, the decision would have to be made to determine the criteria for students who would qualify for accommodations and which accommodations would be appropriate. In order for all these decisions to be made, it is essential for all the characteristics as well as the needs of the indentified students be met, and it is almost impossible if the identification and cl assification of the students continue to be inconsistent. Another problem with assessing indentified students is the fact of accommodations. When a test is given to a student with disabilities, certain changes or â€Å"accommodations† are made. Some of these accommodations are simple as testing the student in a smaller group, allowing the frequent monitored breaks, allowing the student extra time to finish the assessment, or reading the directions or questions to the student. When small changes such as these mentioned are made, they are referred to as accommodations. However if changes such giving the student a different test, illuminating parts of the test, or change the test in any way it is referred to as a â€Å"modification† and the assessment is no longer considered a standard test and is referred to as a non-standard test. When it comes to the element of measuring the assessment, the main goal to implementing accommodations is to better validate the information regarding the students and their disabilities. Testing cons istency is implemented in order to increase the accuracy by getting rid of the immaterial variations for the testing between schools. For instance, if one school allows thirty minutes for a test and another allows an hour and a half, the longer test would be considered the bias between the two. When it comes to students and their disabilities it is only fair that accommodations be made in order to make the test fair for everyone. For example, if a student has a profound vision problem then it would only make sense to change the presentation of the test (larger print, recording), in order to show a more true result of what the student actually knows, instead of not doing well simply because they can’t see the text well enough. If accommodations aren’t standard then results will not be consistent and therefore we won’t have an accurate snapshot of what the students actually know. A third problem that may arise when testing students with disabilities is the design, construction, and evaluations of the test. One circumstance that needs to be considered where testing is concerned is the design of th e test. Some tests can be biased in one area where another assessment may be biased in another area. Some tests are designed to assess a certain group of students with similar backgrounds and therefore are biased against those students who don’t share a similar background. While there are methods for dealing with bias are implemented, not all the methods are not equipped to detect bias toward students with disabilities. Systems used for assessing bias often insist on students being paired on some criterion measure of the structure of relevance. For example, if a reasonable criterion could be settled on for fifth graders in math proficiency, then the students without disabilities and students with disabilities could be matched together and then determine if the two sets of students were similar or different in the same areas. The second area of design that needs to be considered is the difficulty of the assessment itself. Often, most students with disabilities do not perform well on assessments. Furthermore, most assessments are too complex for students with disabilities, therefore often rendering results that are intimidating for students with disabilities and may also cause unfavorable reactions from their teachers. Some students may be nonverbal students and may not be about to write or say their answers, making it impossible for them to par take in standardized tests. Many of the students with ID have a mixture of intelligence deficits and adaptive behavior that initiates their academic deficits. These deficits can’t be the effect of a sensory impairment, a specific learning disability, or a behavior disorder, and would have to start showing systems before the child reaches school age. If a student’s cognitive deficit seems to be mild, then their deficit would resemble a broad disability with no specific area. The students who have been diagnosed with a specific learning disability will have functioning highs and lows. Students with intelligence disabilities have a difficult time across the curriculum as well as adaptive behavior. As time goes on there are more and more students who have to take standardized tests. This can be difficult for teachers, especially when it is almost impossible to accurately assess them and their progress. Some of the problems that occur when assessing students with ID, is the classification and identification of students, deciding what accommodations or modifications should be used for each child, and if the test that is being administered is level appropriate for the students with disabilities. References 1. Kortez, Daniel. Center for the Study of Evaluation. Project 1.1 Comparative Analyses of Current Assessment and Accountability Systems/Strand 3 Daniel Koretz, Project Director, CRESST/Harvard Graduate School of Education http://www.cse.ucla.edu/products/reports/TR587.pdf 2. Centra, J. A., (1986). Handicapped student performance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 324-327. 3. Clarizio, H. F., Phillips, S. E. (1992). A comparison of severe discrepancy formulae: Implications for policy consultation. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 3, 55-68.

The Communications Decency Act :: essays research papers

The Communications Decency Act The Communications Decency Act that was signed into law by President Clinton over a year ago is clearly in need of serious revisions due, not only to its vagueness, but mostly due to the fact that the government is infringing on our freedom of speech, may it be indecent or not. The Communications Decency Act, also know by Internet users as the CDA, is an Act that aims to remove indecent or dangerous text, lewd images, and other things deemed inappropriate from public areas of the net. The CDA is mainly out to protect children. In the beginning, the anonymity of the Internet caused it to become a haven for the free trading of pornography. This is mainly what gives the Internet a bad name. There is also information on the Net that could be harmful to children. Information on how to make home-made explosives and similar info such as The Jolly Rodgers and the Anarchist's Cookbook are easily obtained on the Net. Pedophiles (people attracted to child porn) also have a place to hide on the Internet where nobody has to know their real name. As the average age of the Internet user has started to drop, it has became apparent that something has to be done about the pornography and other inappropriate info on the net. On February 1, 1995, Senator Exon, a Democrat from Nebraska, and Senator Gorton, a Republican from Washington, introduced the first bill towards regulating online porn. This was the first incarnation of the Telecommunications Reform Bill. On April 7, 1995, Senator Leahy, a Democrat from Vermont, introduces bill S714. Bill S714 is an alternative to the Exon/Gorton bill. This bill commissions the Department of Justice to study the problem to see if additional legislature (such as the CDA) is even necessary. The Senate passed the CDA as attached to the Telecomm reform bill on June 14, 1995 with a vote of 84-16. The Leahy bill does not pass, but is supported by 16 Senators that actually understand what the Internet is. Seven days later, several prominent House members publicly announce their opposition to the CDA, including Newt Gingrich, Chris Cox, and Ron Wyden. On September 26, 1995, Senator Russ Feingold urges committee members to drop the CDA from the Telecommunications Reform Bill. On Thursday, February 1, 1996, Congress passed (House 414-9, Senate 91- 5) the Telecommunications Reform Bill, and attached to it the Communications Decency Act. This day was known as "Black Thursday" by the Internet community. One week later, it was signed into law by President Clinton on Thursday, February 8, 1996, also known as the "Day of Protest.

Smart Soleh Slides

STUDY SKILLS (UUB 3013) ACADEMIC ACTIVITY PREPARED FOR: MADAM SITI NOOR AMYAH BINTI KHASBULLAH PREPARED BY: AIN NADIA BINTI ZAILAN (KJC1190154) AHMAD HEIKHAL BIN AMIR HAMZAH (KJC1190261) AZUADI BIN ZAHARIN (KJC0970162) DANIAL SHAM BIN MOHAMAD SHAMIN SHARMENDRAN (KJC1080452) HAIKAL BIN MOHAMAD NAZRI (KJC1160329) MOHAMMAD SHAHIN BIN MUHAMMAD NAZIR (KJC1160277) SYED MUZAMMIL BIN SYED ROSLAN (KJC1160022) SUBMISSION DATE: 30TH NOVEMBER 2011 Contents Introduction1 Objectives2 Organizational Chart3 Details of the Program4 Tentative Activity4 Treasurer5 Progress Report6 Conclusion9 Appendix IntroductionAs we all know, for our group assignment for Study Skills subject, we need to conduct an academic activity in an education institution. The main idea is to apply our knowledge about Study Skills in our own perspective based on the different level of education. Thus, our group has chosen to execute an activity at Smart Soleh Integrated Preschool located at Kota Damansara. This particular pre-sc hool consists of 30 pupils that range 4 to 6 in years. We would like to give an honorable thanks to our lecturer and advisor, Madam Siti Noor Amyah Binti Khasbullah for advising us throughout the planning and preparation period.Also, we would like to thank Madam Nor Banum Md. Noor, as the principal of Smart Soleh Integrated Preschool for approving our proposal and allowing us to execute our academic activities. We believe that children learn well when they are happy and having fun. Through game-based activities we aim to provide an environment where all children will feel valued and happy. We encourage the children to actively participate in their own learning and where, we hope, they will want to explore and learn more.We actively encourage positive relationships where children have high levels of self-esteem and self-confidence, developing care and respect for themselves, others and their environment. Furthermore, we stresses on teamwork and toleration so that the children will le arn how to work with others in the future. During our activities, we are trying to  provide a high quality material that will develop their intellectual skills, ensuring that children are happy and involved with their own learning. We rewarded the children with useful prizes such as stationery items and goodies so that they will compete healthily with each other. ObjectivesFor this particular academic activity, there are two different sides of objectives, first is the objective for the Study Skills Assignment and second is the objective for the children in the preschool. Firstly, by doing this project, our objective is to complete our assignment for Study Skills subject as we were assigned by our lecturer to execute an academic activity at the educational institution. Therefore, we will achieve our objective as soon as this project is done. Furthermore, our objective is to practice teamwork and to tolerate with all of our team members as implementing what we have learnt in Study S kills subject in this semester.Secondly, our objective for the children in the preschool is to create fun learning for the children by conducting a game-based activities as children love to play and they actually learn from it. All of the structured activities that we planned will benefit the children at the end of the day as we focused in academic mainly. Paradoxically, the children learn new things faster than we do, therefore we have to carefully create an interesting and beneficial educational activities. We also aim to provide an inclusive, safe, caring and stimulating environment for the children.Children need those elements in order for them perfectly absorb the learning experience. Safe and caring environment are important since children are active and at their age, they do not implement safety action yet. As a matter of fact, it is our responsibility to provide safe and caring yet stimulating environment for them regardless how we do it. On the other hand, our objective is also to provide a balance, carefully structured activities for the children based on his/her individual developmental needs to foster their well-being, self-esteem and personal development.Children have different characteristics just like we humans do. They think differently, they behave differently and they learn differently. We might confront passive child whom can be characterized as aimless and lethargic. The passive child's facial expressions are dull, with little indication of alertness. Also, we might confront hyperactive child. These children would be continually moving about, exploring the environment around them and in the process creating chaos. For this reason, we have to create carefully structured activities for them to develop their personal development.Last but not least, we also aim to provide regular opportunities for communication and understand well the main of interaction with little kids and exchange and discuss information concerning the child’s develop ment. For instance, we promote teamwork and toleration to the children so that they know how to work with others in learning and everyday life. Organizational Chart Details of the Program Name of the program: Fun Learning – Alphabets ;amp; Numbers Date: 17th November 2011 Time: 09. 30 – 11. 30 am Location: Smart Soleh Integrated Preschool Ground Floor Block A,Pangsapuri Tainia 11/3, Jalan Kenyalang, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Number of participants: 30 pupils Tentative Activity Date| Time| Activity| 17th November 2011| 09. 30 am| Arrival| | 09. 30 – 10. 00 am| Introduction: â€Å"Ice-Breaking†| | 10. 00 – 10. 30 am| Musical Chair| | 10. 30 – 11. 00 am| Academic Activity: * Word Puzzle * Dot-to-Dot * Maze Game| | 11. 00 – 11. 15 am| Prize-giving Ceremony| | 11. 15 – 11. 30 am| Farewell| Treasurer Budget: RM10. 00 X 7 person = RM70. 00 Date| Place| Expenditures| Items| Total(RM)| 5/11/2011| Carrefo ur, Subang Jaya| Prizes ;amp; Goodies| * Stationeries * Goodies * Miscellaneous| 52. 05| 16/11/2011| SNY Stationers, LCS| Activity| * Sketch Book * Stickers| 6. 30| 17/11/2011| SNY Stationers, LCS| Activity| Photocopy A4| 2. 50| 18/11/2011| Hassan ;amp; Norma| Expenses – Volunteer’s Treat| Food| 9. 00| TOTAL| 69. 85 | Progress Report Academic Activity at Smart Soleh Intergrated School We were assigned to conduct an academic activity at educational institution.The venue was proposed by Azuadi Bin Zaharin, as the place is near and it is convenient for us. The activities were proposed by all of the group members while the budget were proposed by the treasurer and project director during our first meeting on the 5th October 2011. The planning took about two weeks before the paperwork was done. There were several impediments to progress such as the group members have difficulty to attend the meeting, lack of communication and been loaded with other assignments. However, we managed to reconcile and make sure that the project is going well.The requested permission letter was given to us by our lecturer ;amp; advisor, Madam Siti Noor Amyah Binti Khasbullah on the 20th October 2011. The permission letter to conduct the academic activity at the educational institution was then sent to the principal of Smart Soleh Integrated Preschool by Azuadi Bin Zaharin. The principal accepted our permission letter and approved our proposal along with fixing the date, which is on the 17th November 2011. As soon as the proposal has been approved, we made the preparation. The budget were collected by the treasurer on 10th November 2011 from all of the group members.With the budget, the expenditures were made by the project director, Ain Nadia on 15th November 2011 by purchasing all the items to be given as prizes and goodies to be given as treats to the children. The next day, the items needed for the academic activities were purchased. After everything is complete, the fi nal preparation was done by confirming our arrival tomorrow to the principal. On 17th November 2011, we departed from Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Leisure Commerce Square at 8. 30am. The traffic was badly congested. However we managed to arrive at 9. 30am.Our arrival was welcomed by the giggles and cheers from the children before we were formally welcomed by the principal. We introduced ourself to the principal and teachers before we started the introduction to the children. The introduction began with the emcee speech by Ain Nadia, and followed by each members introduced their names and the nickname that that kids can call them. Then, all of the members, responsibled as the facilitators, chose five children to be in each group. There were six groups altogether. The â€Å"Ice-Breaking† activity was conducted by the facilitators in a two-way communication with the children.The facilitator are responsible to take care their respective group through out the activities until the e nd of the event. Moving on to the next activity, while the facilitators were busy entertaining their group, our volunteer, Kathiravan which was our photographer at the same time, helped us to prepare for the next activity which was Musical Chair. Fourteen chairs were arranged in a circle. One of the facilitator, Syed Muzammil who was in charged for the sound system, prepared the songs for the game. The six groups were divided into two, three groups to participate in the Musical Chair while another three groups to be the audience.There were two rounds of the Musical Chair game before we finally have our respective winners to compete in the final round. The winner received a colouring book with a colour pencil set while the other children received goodies for each time anyone got eliminated from the game. The highlighted activities are done in the same room to avoid confusion as our objective is to provide an inclusive, safe, caring and stimulating environment for the children. We con ducted the activities freely by sitting on the floor in groups. Each group were given a piece of activity paper.The first was Word Search, continued with Dot-to-Dot and lastly the Maze Game. The objective of the game is to find the fastest team to complete the activities on condition of teamwork. During the activity, the facilitators observed their respective groups. We found that, there were active children, less-active children and also a hyperactive child. For the active children, we encourage them to be competitive and build their teamwork. However, for the less-active children, we helped them to adapt in the activity, build their self-esteem and convinced them that they can do it.A facilitator took the responsibility in taking care of the hyperactive child while the emcee helped him to take care of his group. We hold on to our objectives which are to provide a balance, carefully structured activities for the children based on his/her individual developmental needs to foster the ir well-being, self-esteem and personal development and provide regular opportunities for communication understand well the main of interaction with little kids and exchange and discuss information concerning the child’s development.Finally, we carried on to the next event, which is the prize-giving ceremony. The fastest groups for each activity were given prizes. The winner for the Word Search game was Haikal’s group, while the winner for the Dot-to-Dot game was Ahmad Heikhal’s group and the winner for the Maze Game was Mohammad Shahin’s group. We had a special prize which was a hamper for the group with the best teamwork. After the observations and discussions with the facilitators, we awarded Danial Sham’s group the best teamwork award as we saw them highly cooperating with each other and tolerated in an impressive way.This is what Danial Sham had to say about his group, â€Å"There are types of children that I met in my team. Izah was the moth er of my team because whenever a child was crying she would go to the kid and comfort the kid. She would also arrange the â€Å"kepiah† on the boy’s head, if it’s slanting a bit then she would arrange it back. Adam who was funny, active and loving, gave me a gentle hug when we were about to leave. Sofea was the Informative one because I am not very good with names and whenever I forgot their names she would tell me their names.They do not judge or think badly of you they would just help you when you got a problem. They easily make friends; they do not choose them by his or her status. We also did an activity where we must complete a maze puzzle, connect the dots and Sahiba, my team didn’t won a single prize because we didn’t finish first in every activity, but we still had fun because I push them to finish the activity instead of moping and feeling sad. When we got the prize for most cooperative team they were happy because we finally win something . We had a photography session in the end to capture our moments together before we say farewell and as part of our assignment, we need the photos to prove that we have execute the activity. Surprisingly, right after the photography session with the children, principal and teachers, the children sang the song â€Å"You’ll Be In My Heart† from the film Tarzan. We were deeply touched, by the sincerity of the children. It was the best farewell that we had. The children lined up in two rows, boys and girls, they shook hand with all of us, and we gave them inspirational words to them.We bid farewell and thanked the principal, teachers and all of the children for the great day we had with them. The academic activity has been successfully conducted. All of the group members felt relieved and happy at the same time. The activity went well and smoothly, just the way we planned it to be. Conclusion In particular, we as a group believe that the project of ours is a big success. W ith a big help from our lecturer, family and friends, we managed to pull out a great activity with those exciting and energetic kids at the preschool.Not to forget, the principal and teachers of Smart Soleh Integrated Preschool whom has given us support and guidance in order to make this project going smoothly. At the same time, we also have encountered several problems while executing this project. For example, to handle quite a number of energetic pupils, react towards the situation when there are passive kids that can easily cry, and to understand what the kids are trying to voice out, etc. These actually become a challenge for us to conduct the ideal form of education skills and to meet up the criteria needed to deals with those kids.Dealing with that, we have to analyze back our input and try to cope back with the kids using our redraft plan and some adjustments. After the whole two hours, all of the members agreed to feel mentally exhausted. This assignment is very different t o compare with other subjects’ assignments. We learnt how to cope with the pressure, we learnt how to really be patient and we learnt to be friendly and nice despite our aggressiveness. The two hours were not easy for us, but we hold on until the end proving that all of us can actually encounter this type of challenge.In the meantime, the main plan and the designated antennary have work well with the cooperation from all the group members. Besides that, the teachers also have helped us a lot in handling the problematic kids and preparing the props. We managed to conduct several academic activities focusing on the kid’s intellectual skills and soft skills. Alongside with the activities, we also played some games and sing-a-long with those kids. Lastly, with two hours time, we believe that we gave the best activity and gained a lot of informative knowledge about kids education development.The best thing that we gained from the assignment is the teamwork. We learnt how to work with each other, how to tolerate and how to communicate with each other. Than just classmates, we became teammates and that is a good thing. We helped each other during the activity, to cover everyone’s back and to complete the task together. However, we suggest that for this kind of assignment, the university should sponsor some budget in order for us to organize a better activity.It will be convenient if we get the sponsor, we could create a better structured activities that requires a little costly budget. Furthermore, we suggest that the university can provide the transportation for us to the educational institution to avoid transportation problem. Overall, we can conclude this activity is a good and yet fun to gain and utilize the knowledge about the Study Skills subject. This kind of activity has helped us a lot to understand well about the Study Skills knowledge and how to implement it.To put icing to the cake, we felt very happy and enjoy while doing this projec t and we would love to conduct the same activity in the future again in any chance.Total Word Count : 2,774 Appendix Arrival ;amp; Preparation Introduction: â€Å"Ice Breaking† Musical Chair Academic Activity: Word Search, Dot-to-Dot ;amp; Maze Game Prize-giving Adi’s Group Shahin’s Group Ahmad Heikhal’s Group Amil’s Group Danial Sham’s Group Haikal’s Group Farewell With all the kids ;amp; teachers Academic Activity Word Search Academic Activity Dot-to-Dot Academic Activity Maze Game Receipts

The, Deloria, Collins, And Mcclintock - 1712 Words

Page Robinson Reflection – Gilmore, Deloria, Collins, and McClintock Ruthie Gilmore – Golden Gulag Gilmore’s piece aims to disprove the myth that prisons are built by crime by focusing on the growth of California’s state prison system since 1982 and the accompanying grassroots opposition. Prisons are thought to stop crime through retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. The dominant explanation for prison growth is that crime went up, so prisons were created, and crime went down. However, states with fewer prisons have noticed greater decreases in crime. Prisons do not lead to increased stability because of thinning financial and emotional resources, the breakdown of informal customary relationships, mental illness†¦show more content†¦A second historical tradition is whites refusing to give non-whites the rights they legally possess. Laws were passed that forced Indians to conform to white institutions, convincing Indians they were the world’s stupidest people. The history of Indians was manipulated to fit the needs of the interme diaries. Deloria hypothesizes that Indians are probably invisible because of the tremendous amount of misinformation about them. Understanding Indians means understanding Indian affairs. However, there exist many myths about Indian affairs. To address â€Å"Indian problems† task force reports are demanded. â€Å"The conclusion of every task force report is that Congress is not appropriating enough money to do an adequate job of helping Indians† (Deloria 1969). Paternalism is a favorite subject of task forces. However, government paternalism is not a serious problem, while private sector paternalism is. The problem is that since no one asked the churches, white interest organizations, and universities to come, it’s hard to ask them to leave. Over time tribes have discovered that they must band together to make themselves heard. Indians have two mainstream organizations; The National Congress of American Indians and The National Indian Youth Council. Tribes have a lso found that by handling problems amongst themselves they are more successful than when trying to adapt to the white value system. However,

The Loss of Privacy Will Be a Major Consequence of the...

CIS 300 Gabriel Cruz Report #4 The loss of privacy will be a major consequence of the computer revolution The term of â€Å"Computer Revolution† refers to the tremendous change computers have had in Society because of its tremendous development in the last decade. This so called Revolution had facilitated the way we live in the last couple of years. The computers of today make life a lot easier than it was before, you can do anything with a computer on this days, from making an online purchase of any kind of product, chatting with any person doesn’t matter the location you are, or checking your monthly bank statements. However the Revolution also gave some other consequences rather than positive like the â€Å"Loss of Privacy†. The Loss of†¦show more content†¦In Mexico city there have been several cases in relation to Kidnapping where the Social Network play a big influence in the Kidnaper s source. Jim Willies a former reporter for The Oklahoman wrote an article about an 18 year old boy that committed suicide because of his loss of privacy in the internet. Tyler Clementi jumped to his death off the George Washington Bridge shortly afterwards. Two students stand accused of secretly webcasting the sexual encounter involving Clementi and another man (Jim, 2010). The Loss of Privacy is an issue that had lead to a lot of complicated and awkward situations, but also can lead to some positive consequences. Sometimes people don’t remember important information about them, and thanks to the Computer Databases of any kind of organization this person is related to, they can get any kind of personal information stored in those databases at any time. The Health Insurance companies, Car insurance, Bank accounts. Any of this types of Organizations are very helpful when a person doesn’t remember or is disoriented about some personal information they need to have knowledge about. Loss of privacy half of the time happens because people are not careful with the inf ormation they provide and to who they provide it. It is very easy to make any kind of purchase in the internet. Some people don’t even pay attention to who are they givingShow MoreRelatedHow Technology Is Inevitable?1141 Words   |  5 Pagesdaily basis is not a surprising bit of information. And, for most of us, neither is the â€Å"anxiety about ubiquitous surveillance† (Hunt) that accompanies it. We have our privacy invaded nearly every single day, ranging from having our telephone conversations tapped into to being constantly watched by every surveillance camera in a major retail store. One of the newest wonders in technology is the Google Glass—an interesting pair of eyeglasses that allows its wearer to check social media websites on aRead MoreStronger Internet Privacy Laws Are Unnecessary3382 Words   |  14 PagesStronger Internet Privacy Laws Are Unnecessary The Internet, 2005 As you read, consider the following questions: 1. What company was sued because its Web site s advertisement placed cookies on the computers of people visiting the site? 2. In what European country was a privacy-protection law used to curtail free speech, according to Mishkin? The right to privacy has been around since the early part of the last century. It has evolved to apply—more or less—to a disparate array of socialRead More Computer Crime Essay1989 Words   |  8 PagesThe introduction of computers in to the modern household has brought with it new moral issues. In the last 10 years computers have become increasingly cheaper to buy, due to huge technological advances and fierce competition, driving prices down. It the wake of the computer revolution the internet has followed quickly, becoming faster, cheaper and more accessible. With these technological advances the world has become increasingly smaller enabling piracy and file sharing to become common practiceRead MoreAll Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace by Richard Brautigan1229 Words   |  5 PagesAll Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace by Richard Brautigan Man is still the most extraordinary computer of all. John F. Kennedy, May 21, 1963 (676) In his poem All Watched Over By Machines of Loving Grace, published in 1968, Richard Brautigan places the reader in a future realm: a sparkling utopia where mammals and computers live together in mutually programming harmony (1). He draws us in by juxtaposing images of nature, man and machine that challenge us to imagine this newRead More From Hacking to Cyber Terrorism Essay3963 Words   |  16 Pagesadvanced and convenient life to the society. But, over the time we are also observing explosive growth in the darker side of the IT - regarding hacking and cyber crimes. Activities like unauthorized computer intrusion, denial of service (DOS), stealing computer passwords and secure data; causing damage to computer systems and databases and causing damage to individuals/society are not very rare these days. As we go further on this paper, we will see different aspects of hacking, from harmless (simplyRead MoreOutsourcing: Staying Competitive In The Global Market Essays1719 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract As more companies expand their business globally, they are seeing more opportunities and an increased set of threats to the market. Threats like war, political revolutions, new currencies, and natural disasters can affect growth and political stability throughout the world, so in order to successfully compete in the international market more companies are faced with the decision of relocating part of their operation offshore. This paper will address what key elements companies in this situationRead MoreSociology and Modernization1870 Words   |  8 Pagesindustrial revolution, urbanization and other social changes that alters peoples lives. Modernization promotes individualism over the unity of traditional communities and encourages rationality over traditional philosophies. Modernization can have both positive and negative effects on society and can often bring about controversy. The German sociologist Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies (1855-1937) formed the theory of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies saw modernization as the progressive loss of humanRead MoreLegal Ethical Issues for It Practitioners2523 Words   |  11 Pagesempowerment of all its citizens through access and use of information and knowledge. Every person and every nation must have equal opportunity to benefit from cultural diversity and scientific progress as a basic human right in the current information revolution and the emerging knowledge society† (Gordon Sork, 2001). The code of ethics that IT practitioners generally follow consists of general moral imperatives, specific IT practitioner responsibilities, organizational leadership imperatives andRead MoreEssay on Privacy Infringements through the Internet2173 Words   |  9 PagesToday in society, people are expected to be able to protect their own privacy, but the very definition of privacy states that it is in no way completely attainable, nor will it ever be. And why would people want that when it has been proven that to achieve absolute privacy would mean to forfeit a place in society (Nehf)? But in recent years, privacy infringements through the Internet have gotten out of hand. Until privacy becomes a principal concern for Internet users, they remain unsafe, easyRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Issue of IT Ethics2194 Words   |  9 Pagesthe challenges and the long term effects they are having on stakeholders. Spinello, R. A. (2011). Cyber Ethics - Morality and Law in Cyberspace. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. In chapters 5 and 6; Spinello (2011) found that privacy is becoming a major challenge for all different segments of society. This is occurring in a number of different areas including: consumer spending / buying patterns, inside the home / workplace and the way this technology is applied. Moreover, there is a discussion

Nickel and Dimed Book Review - 1182 Words

Can someone really live and prosper in American receiving minimal income? Can someone create a good lifestyle for themselves on just six to seven dollars an hour? In Nickel and Dimed Barbara Ehrenreich goes undercover to find out if it is indeed possible. Giving herself only $1,000 she leaves the lifestyle that she has come accustomed too and goes to join all the people living the low class way of life. Before setting out, she gave herself a list of rules she had to follow so that her experience would be as real as it could be. Her first rule was when looking for a job she couldn t mention the skills she had learned from her education. Second, she had to take the highest paying job that was being offered to her. Third, she had to live†¦show more content†¦Days go by and she s getting tired form the physical labor that comes with the house cleaning service. She explains what she was doing with her co-workers at the cleaning service and calls in sick after her last day at the nursing home. In Chapter 3 she starts over again in Minnesota. She finds herself lucky here because she gets to stay at a friends while there out of town, saving her the trouble of finding housing right away. Although, after her friends return, here she ends up having the most trouble finding a place to live. She lives in a hotel throughout her experience in Minnesota. This really messes up her money situation. Ehrenreich applies for many different jobs and ends up choosing between Wal-Mart and Menards. She picks Wal-Mart and find herself working in the women s department organizing and hanging up clothes. She realizes that she must became friendly with the dressing room attendants in order to make her job easier. Again her supervisors constantly get on her about wasting time. She uses her break times to talk to her fellow workers about a union but quits before really getting anything started. In the end Barbara ended up breaking all of the rules she had set for herself but she feel s that she did a good job at her project. She was alarmed by the way that some of her co-workers lived and felt that she learned a lot from her experiences. I really enjoyed reading this book. It truly gives you aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Christopher Doob s The First Edition Of Social Inequality And Social Stratification 1119 Words   |  5 Pagesstratification in US Society. The author structures this book in the direction towards a theoretical concept that attracts the reality of social inequality and stratification as a whole. Doob dissects this books into eleven chapters given that each chapter examines the inequality of stratification. Also during the readings of this book Doob used plenty of data to show the socioeconomic strata revolved around the history of America. In relation to this book the assigned four readings in class â€Å"Class A guideRead MoreBarbara Ehrenreich s Nickel And Dimed2236 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Barbara Ehrenreich’s Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America was the first book of its type that I’ve ever read, a real life analysis of what its like to â€Å"live in poverty,† working minimum wage jobs trying to make ends meet day in and day out. It was an intriguing story of how a woman with plenty went on to document how she lived without and I found that Ehrenreich’s commentary throughout the book offered a refreshing perspective to the usual conversation that surrounds poverty;Read MoreNickel And Dimed By Barbara Ehrenreich1670 Words   |  7 PagesNickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich is a book about trying to survive while living on a minimum wage salaryWhen first reading this book, I thought it was just going to be another book assigned that I just didn’t want to read After reading the first few pages, I was very intrigued, I began reading way ahead what was assigned for the week I m glad I actually got into this book because it made it so much easier to read She goes and starts her life over in different cities in order to see if itRead MoreNickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich1721 Words   |  7 Pagesplace herself in the position of her subjects, Ehrenreich strived to see if she were able to survive on the minimal income provided by a series of low level and low paying jobs. In was her foreknowledge of laws and the inclusion of these laws in Nickel and Dimed that brought about exposing historical and present-day 21st century contradictory practices, laws, and regulations that exploit the poor working class (if not through her experiment but by the subjects’ honest experience). In addition to exposingRead MoreMind at Work by Mike Roses982 Words   |  4 PagesWe’ve looked at work from many different views in this class. From the bottom in Mike Roses book, Mind at Work which looks at the, on the jobsite skills and intelligence needed in the work force. Along with the way our society and education play a role in that. And then there was the middle working class view by journalist and author Barbara Ehreinch and her book Nickel and Dimed, which saw a middle class person look at the low wage lifestyle of Americans, and her failed attempt to live off wagesRead MoreLiving Off Of Minimum Wage1490 Words   |  6 Pages Living off of Minimum Wage in the United States In Barbara Ehrenreich’s documentary novel, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America (2001), she claimed that it is almost impossible to live off of minimum wage in the united states. She supports her claim by writing a documentary novel explaining the details of the life of the American struggles caused by the minimum wage. Through her book, she supports that minimum wage salary is insufficient means of survival and leads to a difficult lifeRead MoreReview : Nickel And Dimed1935 Words   |  8 PagesWill Eifling-Page 1 Book Review: Nickel and Dimed: On (not) Getting by in America What is most interesting about Barbara Ehrenreich?s journalistic venture is that she worked in a white color position as an accomplished journalist, but her immediate family came from a meager financial background. It appears as though she had a grasp on the hardships of poverty in America, which is why she wanted to dig deeper. Ehrenreich?s sister had a series of low paid jobs, her father worked in the coal mineRead MoreNickel and Dimed Essay1819 Words   |  8 PagesBarbara Ehrenreichs intent in the book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America exhibited how minimum wage isnt enough for Americans to get by on and that theres no hope for the lower class. Her main objective was achieved by living out the life of the working poor. During the three cases studies she worked many jobs that are worked by many that are simply striving to live day to day. The jobs she had didnt generate sufficient income to avoid or help her rise out of poverty, in factRead MoreNickel and Dimed o n (Not) Getting By in America1968 Words   |  8 Pages Spotlighting Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America Throughout the years, the ability to survive in the American economy without a college education has been diminishing. The employment opportunities now available to many Americans without college degrees are called â€Å"unskilled† jobs. These forms of employment are often unstable and offer low pay without much of a change for advancement within the company . Low income families are often constrained by many hurdles that do not allowRead MoreTaking a Closer Look at Poverty1416 Words   |  6 PagesRelative Poverty is â€Å"a level of economic deprivation that exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average Standard of living. A great example of Relative Poverty is located in the article: Nickel and Dimed written by Barbara Ehrenreich. Barbara Ehrenreich performed a brilliant experiment in which she had to experience what life is like only profiting $2.43 an hour including tips. Barbara Ehrenreich decided to work for a family restaurant named

Early History Of The Celts Essay Example For Students

Early History Of The Celts Essay INTRODUCTIONThe Ancient Celts were not an illiterate people, but they transferred their knowledge orally. They had an alphabet of twenty letters called Ogham. Each letter was named after a tree from the land where they lived. Ogham was used on standing stones, primarily on graves and boundary markers. The primary sources of information about the Celts are, in that light, the texts written by the Romans who were in touch with them and Christian monks, who lived in Irish monasteries in the Middle Ages. Caesar, Livy and Tacitus, wrote about their contemporaries who lived in a way different than themselves and therefore were considered ?barbarians, but even though they did not have a positive attitude towards them, they still left some useful information about Celtic society, religion, way of life, and so on. One of the problems that arise from this is that many things in these writings are romanised, e.g. Caesar interprets Celtic gods and calls them by the names of their Roman equivalen ts:?They worship as their divinity, Mercury, in particular, and have many images of him, and regard him as the inventor of all arts, they consider him the guide of their journeys and marches, and believe him to have great influence over the acquisition of gain and mercantile transactions. Next to him they worship Apollo, and Mars, and Jupiter, and Minerva; respecting these deities they have for the most part the same belief as other nations: that Apollo averts diseases, that Minerva imparts the invention of manufactures, that Jupiter possesses the sovereignty of the heavenly powers; that Mars presides over wars. The second type of sources are the books written from 6th 13th century on by Christian monks in Ireland and Celtic Britain. These books were written several centuries later, so the oral tradition might have changed and much of the information was under Christian influences. The Celts were one of the most significant and powerful peoples in Europe from fourth until first cen tury BC, and their culture one of the most influential. From then on they had a turbulent history, and their legacy continues to live even today. The following pages will be an attempt to MAIN PARTToday, Celtic is a family of languages of the Indo ? European group. The Celts are, by definition, all the people who spoke or speak one of the Celtic languages. A unifying Celtic language existed probably somewhere between 1200 and 750 BC, in the Bronze Age, when Urnfield culture was at its peak. This people spoke a language that would later develop into Celtic. Their ?ur- Celtic developed in two dialects, first Goidelic (or Q ? Celtic) and later Brythonic (or P ? Celtic). The P/Q differentiation came from the diverse pronunciations of an Indo ? European sound /kw/. In Goidelic it became /k/, in Brythonic /p/. Goidelic transformed into the languages spoken in Ireland, Isle of Man and Scotland; Brythonic into Welsh, Cornish and Breton. The next period of Celtic history is connected with Hallstatt culture, which existed approximately from 700 to 500 BC. The later Iron Age phase of Celtic culture is called La T?ne, after a site in west ern Switzerland and dates from 5th to 1st century BC. The Celts almost certainly began to expand to the British Isles during this period. Their influence extended from what are now France, Spain, and British Isles to the shores of the Black Sea from the Ukraine to Turkey. When the Romans came to these territories, they ended the La T?ne culture, but in the places they did not occupy, like as Ireland and Scotland, the La T?ne culture prospered until about 200 AD. The word Celt comes from Keltoi, the name that Greek writers gave to these people. To the Romans, the Continental Celts were known as Galli and Galatae, or Gauls and they called those in Britain Pritanni. In the 4th century BC the Celts invaded the world in possession of the Greeks and Romans, conquering northern Italy and sacking Rome, while also conquering Macedonia and Thessaly. They raided Rome in 390 (or 387), conquered southern Italy between 282 and 272, sack Delphi in 279, and the Gauls came to Asia Minor in 278/277. After the height of their power, the Celts (the first Indo-European group to spread across Europe) were pushed north and west by Germans and Romans. Most of Britain came under Roman rule in the 1st century AD and the Celts of central Europe came under the domination of the Germans. When Huns from Asia came later, the Celts were pushed west and north, to England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland and the northern coast of France. In medieval and modern times the Celtic tradition and languages survived in Brittany (Western France), Cornwall, Galicia (North Western Spain), Galatia (Central Turkey), Wales, the Scottish Highlands, Isle of Man and Ireland, and to a lesser extent in the Norse/Celtic culture of Iceland. Social Structure of the Celts (Caesar)?The various Celtic tribes were bound together by common speech, customs, and religion, rather than by any well defined central governments. The absence of political unity, contributed substantially to the extinction of their way of life, maki ng them vulnerable to their enemies. Warfare was the basis of the early Celtic societies. Their technique of warfare was to run towards the rival army and scream and beat their spears and swords against their shields, and it seemed that not only the Celts, but also the land around them was making the noise, so the enemy was often shocked and tried to run away. They fought in smaller groups. The Celts main weapons were sword and spear. Shields were common and were made of basket weave or wood, sometimes they were covered with leather. Bows and slings were sometimes used as well, but were not common. Until the arrival of the Romans, Celtic warfare was primarily among themselves. They liked to settle their battles in such way that the chieftains or kings fought one on one. If the king died, the whole tribe was defeated. When the Celts came into contact with the Romans, they had to change the way they fought to a more structured defence against a larger army, but were never able to enti rely unite against the Romans. Caesar describes them like this: ?The most civilized of all these nations are they who inhabit Kent, which is entirely a maritime district, nor do they differ much from the Gallic customs. Most of the inland inhabitants do not sow corn, but live on milk and flesh, and are clad with skins. All the Britains, indeed, dye themselves with wood, which occasions a bluish colour, and thereby have a more terrible appearance in fight. They wear their hair long, and have every part of their body shaved except their head and upper lip. Ten and even twelve have wives common to them, and particularly brothers among brothers, and parents among their children; but if there be any issue by these wives, they are reputed to be the children of those by whom respectively each was first espoused when a virgin. Celtic society was based almost exclusively on the raising of cattle or sheep; there was some agriculture in the Celtic world, but not much. Their main crop was wheat . There was no trade or commerce; everything was in the form of exchange. They refused to take money for their goods from other peoples; they only accepted trade i form of recprocity. Social structure ? Ireland Celtic society was tribal and based on kinship, connected by a system of laws and social customs, known as the Brehon Laws, which existed in Ireland intact for centuries. This was a customary law, based on tradition. The Druids guarded the legal matters and determined the results of disputes. They decided on matters of inheritance, property, marriage, and so on. The extended family, called fine or clann, was the basic social unit, and it consisted of several generations of male descendants from one ancestor. The clan stood behind its members, providing them protection. The whole clan reacted when one of their members would be murdered or insulted. Each individual had his honour price which showed his worth in the fine. Any damage or death imposed by another person required co mpensation to be paid to the fine of the injured party. Blood feud existed as an institution, but it was often avoided with help of professional mediators. Since it was the duty of the clan to protect individuals, crimes against an individual would be crimes against an entire clan. When several families settled on a particular territory they formed a tuath, which was the basic political structure, ruled by a chieftain or a king. Becoming a king was established on a blood relationship, but it was not hereditary. His role was principally dealing outside the tuath and as a war leader. The king was a sacred person ? his death in a battle would mean the defeat of the tuath. The king was the key element of the social structure. He was responsible for the prosperity of the tribe. The king was responsible for the redistribution of wealth in his kingdom. Inside the tuath, society was fundamentally divided into three classes: the Nobility, landowners and warriors; the Aes Dana, men of art and learning, craftsmen, and included the Druids; and the Commoners or Churls who did not own any land but were free and not slaves. Slavery existed amongst the Celts, but their slaves were war captives and other conquered people. The kinship group, and not the individual, was the most important under Brehon law. The kinship group was responsible for the actions of all its members. ?Celtic society was rigidly divided into a class system. Similar class systems predominated among the Indians as well with largely the same categories. The Druids were the educated and occupied the highest social position, just as the Brahmin class occupied the highest social position among the Indians. The Druids were responsible for cultural and religious knowledge as well as the performance of rituals, just as the Brahmins in India. Celtic society had a sharply defined structure of rank or caste (with a possibility of moving up) ? serfs and peasants; freemen and craftsmen; warriors; nobles; kings and prie sthood. The Brehons, or judges, were from the Druid caste. Responsibility was proportional to the rank; systems of behaviour were set for each caste the higher the status, the stricter the rules. The position in society was determined by the ownership of cattle (there was no land ownership in early Celtic society). Land was usually owned in common by the fine, but the leader of the fine probably determined the use of the land. The concept of clientship was important: a nobleman had ?clients ? lower classes who gave him products and services for his protection and support. Rank inside the circles of the nobility of the tuath was determined by individual strength and skill. Special Role of DruidsWhen Celtic religious functions are mentioned, ?Druid is the first word that comes into our minds and is associated with the word ?priest. ?The Druids combined the functions of the priest, the magistrate, the scholar, and the physician. They stood to the people of the Celtic tribes in a relat ion closely analogous to that in which the Brahmans of India, the Magi of Persia, and the priests of the Egyptians stood to the people respectively by whom they were revered. Druids were around from the 2nd century BC to the end of the 2nd century AD, when the Romans conquered the Celtic and with Christianity the Druids pagan religious functions disappeared. There is very little knowledge of the Druids ways because they relied on oral tradition and not on written records. The Druids were responsible for all rituals and for all contacts with the gods. The people could communicate with the gods only through the Druids, except for the divine father god of the tuath any member of his tuath was able to contact him. The Druids were very appreciated and very influential and powerful. They were the teachers, doctors, and lawyers of Celtic society. ?But of these two orders, one is that of the Druids, the other that of the knights. The former are engaged in things sacred, conduct the public and the private sacrifices, and interpret all matters of religion. To these a large number of the young men resort for the purpose of instruction, and they are in great honour among them. For they determine respecting almost all controversies, public and private; and if any crime has been perpetrated, if murder has been committed, if there be any dispute about an inheritance, if any about boundaries, these same persons decide it; they decree rewards and punishments; if any one, either in a private or public capacity, has not submitted to their decision, they interdict him from the sacrifices. The Druids had definitive control in sacred and mundane matters. They were the authority in everything from legal matters to contact with gods. They were experts in the natural world, the animals, useful plants, and the movement and influences of the sun, moon and stars. The laws, history, and traditions of all Celtic life were stored in their memories. ?It took twenty years to learn all the D ruidical cannon, for the Druid functioned not only as minister of religion, with its doctrine of immortality and complete moral system, but also as philosopher, teacher and natural scientist and keeper of the law and its interpretation. Students who were learning to become Druids themselves were taught by repeating the masters words until they would memorize everything. Many of the Druids were literate and they sometimes used writing when dealing with other peoples, they did not want to use it when it came to their knowledge and tradition. They felt this matters should be known by heart and they did not want to risk the knowledge falling into wrong hands and being used against their people. Religion and MythologyThe Celts were polytheistic and their gods were of a more primitive, Indo-European origin. Celtic gods often came in threes; so it was not difficult for them to later accept the Christian concept of Trinity. Celtic had no temples required for their religious rituals, they co ncentrated mainly on the natural environment. When they were going to worship a god, they would make a circle in the open, set an altar in the middle and in that way make a sacred place. Their religion was very much in harmony with their natural surroundings. The Celts measured time by nights followed by days, not the reverse as we do today. They even had a calendar, kept by the Druids, which was based on lunar, and not solar motion. Four major religious festivals marked their seasons. Imbolc, which was held in February, was a pastoral festival of fertility and growth. It was connected with the first milking of the cows. The Unprincipled Family EssayThe earth mother was, together with the Sky father, parent of all the gods. She was connected with the fertility of the land, crops, and herds, as well as people. She would also defend the tuath when it was threatened by use of magic rather than physical weapons. There were gods and goddesses of places like sacred trees, clearings, wells, and the like. Most male gods were associated with a female consort, often mother goddess figures. Shapeshifting was common among Celtic gods and goddesses who often took the form of their favourite animals. Animals were also important in Celtic religious beliefs. Birds were linked with the gods as bringers of omens and messengers. Swans, if portrayed wearing gold or silver chains, were supernatural and often represented gods in bird form. Ravens were messengers of the gods and their calls were considered prophetic. The salmon was regarded as the holder of Otherworld wisdom and a symbol for sacred rivers and pools. The salmon was also considered prophetic, as was the trout. Water sources were especially sacred. The Celts believed that the waters possessed healing powers and that they were entrances into the Otherworld. Gifts were thrown into springs, rivers and sacred wells as gifts to the gods. The Romans co nsidered the Celts very barbaric, because of some of their beliefs and their customs of war. One of the Celtic rituals was human sacrifice. Another custom was based on the fact that they believed that the humans soul is in the head, so they cut off their enemies heads and kept them as trophies. They were also regarded as superstitious for their blessing the houses and performing rituals. Introduction of Christianity When the Romans conquered the Celts, they brought Christian faith with them. The Christianity was well established in Celtic Britain by the 4th century AD and from there it spread to Ireland probably by means of British captives. In the 5th century the Saxons and other Germanic tribes occupied Britain and pushed most of the Celtic Christians into Wales and Cornwall. At the same time, Saint Patrick and other British missionaries founded a new church in Ireland and that church became the centre of Celtic Christianity. St. Patrick is said to have established Christianity in Ireland and introduced literacy, and in the next few centuries it either overthrew or absorbed the old pagan ways. Pagan festivals and holidays were adapted into Christian holy days, and many of the local god and goddess stories converted into tales of Irish saints. The most famous example is the Celtic goddess Brigid, or Bride, who is now known in the Christian Church as St. Brigit, the leading female saint of Ireland. The Christianity on territories occupied by Rome was Episcopal ? under the control of a bishop, but that kind of Christianity demanded more urbanization than there was in the Celtic world. Irish Christianity soon became monastic ? under the leadership of abbots. The Irish monks and monasteries did much to save the knowledge of ancient Roman literature in early medieval Europe. Between the late 6th and the early 8th centuries, Irish missionaries were Christianising Europe, and they founded numerous monasteries in what is today France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. This was the Golden Age of Ireland. It wasnt until the late sixth century that Christianity was reintroduced into Britain; this brand of Christianity, more associated with the practices of the Roman church, came into conflict with Celtic Christianity and its unique practices. By the tenth century, the unique Celtic Christianity of Britain had largely been subordinated to Saxon Christianity. Celtic Christianity in Ireland weakened when the Vikings invaded in the 9th and 10th centuries and by the 12th century its characteristic institutions, which differed from the prevailing traditions of the Roman church, basically disappeared from Europe. CONCLUSIONThere are many theories about Celtic origins, about their mythology and their culture, but they are often only theories. Writing history as such is very complicated and can never be seen as completely accurate. Therefore, one can never be sure of the events from the past. The early Celtic history is based on ?second-hand sources, and ma ny things are too vague to be considered absolute truth. For the most part we can only speculate. Todays romantic view of the Celts is that of magic, heroes and the supernatural. On the other side, there is a sceptic view that denies all connections between the tribes that are considered Celtic. Well probably never know with complete certainty. Nonetheless, we try to find out, we try to shed light, to conclude. With the help of the sources that we can rely on ? archaeological evidence, Romans and monks ? we can make more theories, but they will still be only theories. BibliographyCaesar, Julius : De bello Gallico (Gallic Wars)Ellis, Peter Berresford. The Celtic Empire Bulfinch, Thomas. Bulfinchs Mythology: The Age of Fable, The Age of Chivalry, Legends of Charlemagne,